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Electrolytes

Winter's Formula

Expected pCO₂ in metabolic acidosis for mixed acid-base disorder detection

Calculate Winter's

Bicarbonate (mEq/L)

References

Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Ann Intern Med 1967;66:312-322

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Unmeasured anions for metabolic acidosis workup

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True sodium in DKA/HHS

Calculated Serum Osmolality

Estimated serum osmolality and osmolar gap

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